thermal characteristics (temperature changes), chemical composition, movement, and density. Each of the layers are bounded by "pauses" where the greatest changes in thermal characteristics, chemical ...

The last time someone photographed the exosphere, the outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere separating it from outer space, was in the 1970s from the surface of the Moon. This is a problem for two ...

As much as we should appreciate and protect the atmosphere that immediately embraces this planet, the other layers of the atmosphere are essential too and provide services we may not readily recognize ...

A SpaceX Falcon 9 launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida this week. The Carruthers mission is named after Dr. George Carruthers, creator of the Moon-based telescope that captured the first ...

Mercury’s exosphere, a tenuous envelope where collisions between particles are rare, offers unique insights into surface–space interactions and the dynamic processes that govern atmospheric evolution.

Using a cutting-edge magnetic wave detection technique, a new study in Nature Communications has identified lithium in Mercury's exosphere for the first time. Mercury's exosphere is a fragile ...