Following the launch of its initiative, "Pharmaceutical cGMPs for the 21st Century: A Risk-Based Approach," FDA has been looking to process analytical technology (PAT) for improvements in process ...

To avoid events that could result in manipulation of controls within chemical sites, the Chemical Industry Data Exchange (CIDX) urges all chemical sector companies to review and take appropriate ...

Although some aspects of process validation for continuous processes are the same as those for traditional batch processes, there are some unique considerations. Although some aspects of process ...

“Cyber-physical systems” are the next generation of closely integrated physical and cyber systems. Several critical systems such as the power grid, autonomous transportation systems, and process ...

When it comes to process-control systems, reliability is crucial and failure can be costly or dangerous. A combination of good design practices, component selection, and testing can enhance ...

At one time, process historians were simply software packages used to store and present real-time process data. Today, however, historians are being used to do much more. Process historians are being ...

This circuit is a bit of a departure from the rest of the content in this chapter, inasmuch as the appliance I describe here is not part of the E-2 project. The reason I have included this section is ...

The introduction of process safety system–specific malware into the manufacturing world in 2017 intensified the discussion around the convergence of safety and cybersecurity. If a cyberattack could ...

E-2's main propulsion system consists of two DC motors directly driving contra-rotating propellers. An underwater vehicle with a single propeller is subject to undesirable torque forces, especially if ...