X-rays, a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, pack enough energy to pierce materials and interact with inner-shell electrons. 1 When they hit a sample, ...

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that provides information about the elemental composition, chemical state, and electronic structure of a material's surface ...

The initial oxidation behavior of metallic copper, tin, and three single-phase Cu-Sn alloys (an $\alpha$ phase solid solution alloy, and the intermetallic compounds ...

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Free-electron laser (FEL) sources can generate tunable short-wavelength coherent pulses that can be used for studying structure and dynamics of matter in different forms. In this open collection, we ...