How much can you trust 'My range of motion has improved!'? — Measurement error with a goniometer is about 4° even when measured by the same person; a real change can only be ...

IntroductionYou measure your shoulder range of motion before and after stretching and think, 'Internal rotation increased by 3°!' Or, during a team medical check, you hear, 'It's 5° less than last ...

Does limited internal rotation of the shoulder lead to injury? — The 'numbers to watch' differ between high schoolers and pros

IntroductionMany teams measure the 'internal rotation' and 'external rotation' of a pitcher's shoulder during pre-season ...